Immune System Support
Key Indications: Supplementation of spermidine may reduce the inflammatory cytokines and may lead to an increased production of memory cells. Autophagy may play a major role in immune defense and may support the disposal of pathogenic microorganisms. Autophagy may help mediate immunological memory in older age.
Human Studies
Spermidine, a natural polyamine, suppresses LFA-1 expression on human lymphocyte. Learn More >
Autophagy Defends Cells Against Invading Group A Streptococcus.
Animal Studies
Cytoplasmic bacteria can be targets for autophagy. Learn More >
Selective Modulation of Autophagy, Innate Immunity, and Adaptive Immunity by Small Molecules.
MHC class II antigen loading compartments continuously receive input from autophagosomes. Learn More >